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Biology Concepts and Connections 6th Edition Chapter 5

2992049214 Aquaporins common in cells involved in water; A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane EX: kidneys use them to filter water 0 2992078068 Fluid Mosaic Model The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. 1 2992086323 Selective Permeability it allows some substances to cross more easily than others 2 2992092737 Attachment protein proteins that attach to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton help support the membrane and can coordinate external and internal changes 3 2992107167 receptor protein signaling molecules bind to receptor protein which relay messages by activating other molecules inside the cell 4 2992110078 Active transport protein transport proteins allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell 5 2992112732 Glycoprotein may serve as ID tag that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells 6 2992127338 biological membrane built by phospholipids & proteins; Largest and most primitive organelle that gives compartmentalization; semi-permeable; lipids make it impermeable to water and proteins are used for transport 7 2992136986 In the origin of the cell, why would the formation of a simple lipid bilayer membrane not be sufficient? & what else would have to be apart of such membrane? The membrane would need embedded proteins that could regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell. 8 2992146628 Diffusion the tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space 9 2992152459 concentration gradient An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. 10 2992163324 dynamic equilibrium solutions on both side will at a point have equal concentrations on both sides and molecules still move back and forth, but there is no net change in concentration on either side of the membrane 11 2992171858 passive transport Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient 12 2992177172 Traffic across the cell membrane mostly occurs by? diffusion 13 2992179717 why is diffusion across a membrane called passive transport? the cell does not expend energy to transport substances that are diffusing down their concentration gradients. 14 2992187426 what is one of the most important substances that crosses membranes by passive transport? water 15 2992190696 Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 16 2992205599 solute A substance that is dissolved in a solution. 17 2992222064 list as high or low solute concentration- 0.5% & 2% 0.5% = lower solute concentration & 2% = higher solute concentration 18 2992223373 tonicity the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends on its concentration of solutes relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell 19 2992676759 isotonic the cells volume remains constant 20 2992737459 what way is red blood cells transported in the blood? isotonic plasma 21 2992738961 hypotonic a solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell 22 2992741333 hypertonic Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. 23 2992743785 osmoregulation In animals; a way to survive in hypotonic and hypertonic; to prevent excessive uptake or loss of water and regulate the solute concentration of its body fluids 24 2992749340 osmoregulation (plants) differ due to cell walls; hypotonic plants usually are turgid or very firm which is healthy and will exert back a turgor pressure to ensure it will not take in too much ; when there is not net movement the plant is flaccid or limp 25 2992766113 plasmolysis A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment. 26 2992770665 facilitated diffusion A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy. 27 2992803333 active transport a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient - that is across the membrane toward the side where the solute is more concentrated; allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surrounding 28 2994793902 cells actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell. Is calcium more concentrated inside or outside of the cell? outside: active transport moves against its concentration gradient 29 2994803998 exocytosis the movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane (used in large cells) 30 2994820840 endocytosis a transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules 31 2994825162 phagocytosis "cellular eating" 32 2994832890 pseudopodia extensions 33 2994842424 receptor-mediated endocytosis enables a cell to acquire specific solutes 34 2994868148 low-density lipoproteins LDLs; the form of lipoprotein in which cholesterol is transported in the blood. 35 2994878820 atherosclerosis A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow. 36 2994884929 as a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands. does this involve endocytosis or exocytosis? Exocytosis: when a transport vesicle fusses with the plasma membrane its contents are released and the vesicle membrane adds to the plasma membrane 37 2994913523 energy the capacity to cause change or to preform work 38 2994920144 Kinetic energy the energy of motion 39 2994923200 Thermal energy a type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules 40 2995024999 heat thermal energy in transfer from one object to another 41 2995033441 potential energy second main form of energy, is energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure 42 2995037936 chemical energy the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction 43 2995051347 thermodynamics study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter 44 2995052979 system word used by scientists for the matter under study and refer to the rest of the universe 45 2995056760 surroundings everything out side of the system 46 2995061440 first law of thermodynamics known as the law of energy conservation, states that the energy in the universe is constant . IT CAN BE TRANSFERRED AND TRANSFORMED BUT CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED 47 2995070822 cellular respiration the chemical energy stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP, which the cell can use to perform work 48 2995079693 second law of thermodynamics energy transformations result in the universe becoming more disordered 49 2995088545 exergonic Energy released 50 2995090569 endergonic Any process that absorbs energy 51 2995100194 metabolism the total of an organism's chemical reaction 52 2995106623 metabolic pathway a series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or break down a complex molecule into simple compounds 53 2995113807 energy coupling the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions 54 2995130269 ATP adenosine triphosphate; powers nearly all forms of cellular work; consist of an organic molecule called adenosine and a triphosphate tail of three phosphate groups. all negatively charged ; bonds are unstable 55 2995158960 adenosine diphosphate ADP; when the bond of the 3rd group in ATP breaks and a phosphate will leave; energy is released 56 2995169178 phosphorylation the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation 57 2995190807 what type of work does a cell do? chemical, transport, and mechanical 58 2995209985 ordered structures tend towards _____.; high energy systems tend to change toward a more ______ state of energy. disorder; stable 59 2995225193 activation energy Energy needed to get a reaction started 60 2995235271 enzymes molecules that function as biological catalysts 61 2995252893 substrate A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme 62 2995265372 active site typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme 63 2995283031 catalytic cycle substrate + enzyme --> enzyme substrate complex --> product + enzyme 64 2995286945 induced fit Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction. 65 2995300816 human enzymes work best at ? 35-40 degrees Celsius (95-104 degrees F) 66 2995307624 prokaryotes enzymes living in hot springs work best at? 70 *C (158*F) 67 2995323945 optimal ph for enzymes is? around neutral 68 2995327208 cofactors nonprotein helpers 69 2995332313 coenzyme organic molecule in a cofactor 70 2995339232 inhibitor a chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity 71 2995344410 competitive inhibitor reduces an enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the activity site 72 2995349990 noncompetitive inhibitor does not enter the active site, instead binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme 73 2995355709 cells use inhibitors for what purpose? important regulators of cellular metabolism 74 2995360456 feedback inhibition A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. 75 2995367137 what is the advantage to feedback inhibition ? it prevents the cell from wasting valuable resources by synthesizing more of a particular product that is needed 76 2995381523 name a common drug that inhibits an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins - messenger molecules that increase the sensation of pain and inflammation? Ibuprofen 77 2995392191 what determines whether enzyme inhibition is reversible or irreversible? if the inhibitor binds to the enzyme with covalent bonds, the inhibition is usually irreversible. when weak chemical interactions bind inhibitor and enzyme, the inhibition is reversible 78

Biology Concepts and Connections 6th Edition Chapter 5

Source: https://course-notes.org/flashcards/chapter_5_the_working_cell_campbell_biology_concepts_connections_8th_edition_flashcards